Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different decisions.
You can use conditional statements in your code to do this.
In PHP we have the following conditional statements:
if statement - use this statement to execute some code only if a specified condition is true
if...else statement - use this statement to execute some code if a condition is true and another code if the condition is false
if...elseif....else statement - use this statement to select one of several blocks of code to be executed
switch statement - use this statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed
Wednesday, August 19, 2009
Tuesday, August 18, 2009
The strpos() function in PHP
The strpos() function is used to search for character within a string.
If a match is found, this function will return the position of the first match. If no match is found, it will return FALSE.
Let's see if we can find the string "world" in our string:
If a match is found, this function will return the position of the first match. If no match is found, it will return FALSE.
Let's see if we can find the string "world" in our string:
The strlen() function in PHP
The strlen() function is used to return the length of a string.
Let's find the length of a string:
Let's find the length of a string:
String Variables in PHP
String variables are used for values that contains characters.
In this chapter we are going to look at the most common functions and operators used to manipulate strings in PHP.
After we create a string we can manipulate it. A string can be used directly in a function or it can be stored in a variable.
In this chapter we are going to look at the most common functions and operators used to manipulate strings in PHP.
After we create a string we can manipulate it. A string can be used directly in a function or it can be stored in a variable.
Monday, August 17, 2009
Naming Rules for Variables in PHP
A variable name must start with a letter or an underscore "_"
A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, and _ )
A variable name should not contain spaces. If a variable name is more than one word, it should be separated with an underscore ($my_string), or with capitalization ($myString)
A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, and _ )
A variable name should not contain spaces. If a variable name is more than one word, it should be separated with an underscore ($my_string), or with capitalization ($myString)
PHP is a Loosely Typed Language
In PHP, a variable does not need to be declared before adding a value to it.
In the example above, you see that you do not have to tell PHP which data type the variable is.
PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct data type, depending on its value.
In a strongly typed programming language, you have to declare (define) the type and name of the variable before using it.
In PHP, the variable is declared automatically when you use it.
In the example above, you see that you do not have to tell PHP which data type the variable is.
PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct data type, depending on its value.
In a strongly typed programming language, you have to declare (define) the type and name of the variable before using it.
In PHP, the variable is declared automatically when you use it.
Variables in PHP
Variables are used for storing a values, like text strings, numbers or arrays.
When a variable is declared, it can be used over and over again in your script.
All variables in PHP start with a $ sign symbol.
The correct way of declaring a variable in PHP:
When a variable is declared, it can be used over and over again in your script.
All variables in PHP start with a $ sign symbol.
The correct way of declaring a variable in PHP:
Comments in PHP
In PHP, we use // to make a single-line comment or /* and */ to make a large comment block.
Basic PHP Syntax
A PHP scripting block always starts with . A PHP scripting block can be placed anywhere in the document.
List of Head Post Offices/Post Offices where UPSC application forms are available
Andhra Pradesh Circle : Hyderabad GPO, Hyderabad Jubilee, Kachiguda Stn., Khairatabad, Secunderabad, Trimulgherry, Adilabad, Anantapur, Arundelpet (Guntur), Chittoor, Cuddapah, Eluru, Kakinada, Karimnagar, Khammam, Kurnool, Machilipatnam, Mahboobnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nellore, Nizamabad, Ongole, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Vijayawada, Vikarabad, Visakhapatnam, Warangal. Assam Circle : Guwahati, Barpeta, Dhubri, Dibrugarh, Diphu, Golaghat, Hailakandi, Jorhat, Karimganj, Kokrajhar, Mangaldoi, Nagaon, Nalbari, North Lakhimpur, Sibsagar, Silchar, Tezpur, Tinsukia. Bihar Circle : Patna, GPO, Bankipur, Arrah, Aurangabad, B. Deoghar, Bokaro Steel City, Banka, Battiah, Begusarai, Bhagalpur, Biharsharif, Buxar, Chaibasa, Chapra, Daltonganj, Darbhanga, Dhanbad, Dumka, Gaya, Giridih, Gopalganj, Gumla, Hajipur, Hazaribagh, Jamshedpur, Katihar, Madhubani, Motihari, Munger, Muzaffarpur, Nawada, Purnea, Ranchi, Saharsa, Samastipur, Sasaram, Sitamarhi, Siwan. Delhi Circle : Delhi GPO, New Delhi, Indra Prastha, Ramesh Nagar, Sarojini Nagar, Lodi Road, Krishna Nagar, Ashok Vihar, Parliament Street, UPSC PO. Gujarat Circle : Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad, Amreli Anand, Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Bhuj, Dahod, Godhra, Himatnagar, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Kheda, Mehesana, Navrangpura, Navsari, Palanpur, Patan, Porbandar, Rajkot, Revdi Bazar, Surat, Surendranagar, Valsad, Vadodara. Haryana Circle : Ambala GPO, Ambala City, Bahadurgarh, Bhiwani, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Hissar, Jind, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Narnaul, Panipat, Rohtak, Sirsa, Sonepat. Himachal Pradesh Circle : Shimla, Bilaspur, Chamba, Hamirpur, Kangra, Keylong, Kulu, Mandi, Nahan, Recong, Peo, Solan, Una. Jammu & Kashmir Circle : Srinagar, Anantnag, Baramulla, Jammu, Kathua, Leh, Rajouri, Udhampur. Karnataka Circle : Bangalore GPO, Bangalore City, Basavangudi, HAL II Stage, Jayanagar, R.T. Nagar, Bagalkot, Raichur, Rajajinagar, Belgaum Bellary, Bidar, Bijapur, Chikmagalur, Chitradurga, Davengere, Dharwad, Gadag, Gulbarga, Hassan, Haveri, Hubli, Karwar, Kolar, Madikere, Mandya, Mangalore, Manipal, Mysore, Nanjagud, Shimoga, Sirsi, Tumkur, Udupi. Kerala Circle : Trivandrum, Alleppey (Alappuzha), Calicut, Cannanore, Ernakulam, Kalpetta, Kasargod, Kattappana, Kottayam, Malappuram, Palghat, Pathanamthitta, Quilon, Trichur, Kavaratti, (Lakshadweep). Madhya Pradesh Circle : Bhopal GPO, Bilaspur, Ambikapur, Balaghat, Betul, Bhind, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Damoh, Dewas, Dhar, Durg, Guna, Hoshangabad, Indore, Jabalpur, Jagdalpur, Jhabua, Khandwa, Khargone, Lashkar, Mandla, Mandsaur, Morena, Narsinghpur, Neemuch, Raigarh, Raipur, Raisen, Rajgarh (Biora), Rajnandgaon, Ratlam, Rewa, Sagar Cantt., Satna, Sehore, Seoni, Shahdol, Shajapur, Shivpuri, Sidhi, Tikamgarh, Ujjain, Vidisha. Maharashtra Circle : Mumbai GPO, Andheri, Borivili, Chembur, Chinehbunder, Dadar, Girgaon, Kalbadevi, Mahim, Mandvi, Mumbai Central, Ahmednagar, Akola, Alibag, Amravati, Aurangabad, Beed, Bhandara, Buldhana, Chandrapur, Dhule, Jalagaon, Jalna, Karad, Kolhapur, Latur, Nagpur GPO, Nanded, Nasik, Osmanabad, Parbhani, Pune, Ratnagiri, Sangli, Satara, Sawantwadi, Solapur, Thane, Wardha, Yeotmal, Margaon (Goa), Panaji (Goa). North East Circle : Agartala, Aizwal, Dharmanagar, Imphal, Itanagar, Kohima, Radhakishorepur, Shillong, Tura. Orissa Circle : Bhubaneswar GPO, Angul, Bolangir, Balasore, Bargarh, Baripada, Berhamapur, Bhadrak, Bhawanipatna, Cuttack GPO, Dhenkanal, Jagatsinghpur, Jajpur, Jeypore (K), Jharsuguda, Kendrapara, Keonjhargarh, Koraput, Nayagarh, Parlakhemundi, Phulbani, Puri, Rayagada, Sambalpur, Sundargarh. Punjab Circle : Amritsar, Bhatinda, Faridkot, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar City, Kapurthala, Ludhiana, Moga, Patiala, Ropar, Sangrur, Chandigarh. Rajasthan Circle : Jaipur GPO, Jawahar Nagar, Shastri Nagar, Ajmer, Alwar, Banswara, Baran, Barmer, Bharatpur, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Churu, Dausa, Dholpur, Dungarpur, Hanumangarh, Hindaun, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jhalawar, Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Kankroli, Kota, Nagaur, Pali Marwar, Sawaimadhopur, Shastri Circle Udaipur, Sikar, Sirohi, Sriganganagar, Tonk. Tamil Nadu Circle : Chennai GPO, Anna Road, St. Thomas Mount, T. Nagar, Bodinayakanur, Chengalpattu, Chidambaram, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri, Dindigul, Erode, Kanchipuram, Karur, Madurai, Nagapattinam, Nagercoil, Namakkal, Pudukottai, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Sivagangai, Tambaram, Thanjavur, Thiruvannamalai, Tiruchirapalli, Tirunelveli, Tiruvallur, Tiruvayur, Turaiyur, Tuticorin, Udhagamandalam, Vellore, Villupuram, Virudhunagar, Pondichearry. Uttar Pradesh Circle : Lucknow, Lucknow Chowk, Agra, Akbarpur, Aligarh, Allahabad, Allahabad Katchery, Almora, Auraiya, Azamgarh, Bahraich, Ballia, Balrampur, Banda, Bansi, Barabanki, Bareilly, Basti, Bijnor, Budaun, Bulandshahr, Dehradun, Deoria, Dhampur, Etah, Etawah, Faizabad, Fatehgarh, Fatehpur, Firozabad, Ghaziabad, Ghazipur, Gonda, Gopeshwar, Gorakhpur, Haldwani, Hamirpur,Hardoi, Jaunpur, Jhansi, Kanpur, Kheri, Lalitpur, Mainpuri, Mathura, Mau, Meerut, Mirzapur, Moradabad, Muzaffarnagar, Nainital, Orai, Pauri, Padrauna, Pilibhit, Pithoragarh, Pratapgarh, Rai Bareli, Rampur, Roorkee, Saharanpur, Shahajahanpur, Sitapur, Sultanpur, Tehri, Unnao, Varanasi. West Bengal Circle : Kolkata GPO, Alipore, Barabazar, Beleghata, Belghoria, Cassipore, Park Street, Tollygunge, Balurghat, Bankura, Barasat, Berhampore, Burdwan, Chinsurah, Cooch Behar, Darjeeling, Howrah, Jalpaiguri, Krishnagar, Malda, Midnapore, Purulia, Suri, Siliguri, Port Blair (Andaman & Nicobar Islands), Gangtok (Sikkim).
List of Head Post Offices/Post Offices where UPSC application forms are available in Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh Circle : Hyderabad GPO, Hyderabad Jubilee, Kachiguda Stn., Khairatabad, Secunderabad, Trimulgherry, Adilabad, Anantapur, Arundelpet (Guntur), Chittoor, Cuddapah, Eluru, Kakinada, Karimnagar, Khammam, Kurnool, Machilipatnam, Mahboobnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nellore, Nizamabad, Ongole, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Vijayawada, Vikarabad, Visakhapatnam, Warangal.
Union Public Service Commission [ UPSC ] a Breif introduction
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Indianisation of the superior Civil Services became one of the major demands of the political movement compelling the British Indian Government to consider setting up of a Public Service Commission for recruitment to its services in the territory. The first Public Service Commission was set up on October 1st, 1926. However, its limited advisory functions failed to satisfy the people's aspirations and the continued stress on this aspect by the leaders of our freedom movement resulted in the setting up of the Federal Public Service Commission under the Government of India Act 1935. Under this Act, for the first time, provision was also made for the formation of Public Service Commissions at the provincial level.
The Constituent Assembly, after independence, saw the need for giving a secure and autonomous status to Public Service Commissions both at Federal and Provincial levels for ensuring unbiased recruitment to Civil Services as also for protection of service interests. With the promulgation of the new Constitution for independent India on 26th January, 1950, the Federal Public Service Commission was accorded a constitutional status as an autonomous entity and given the title - Union Public Service Commission Constitutional Provisions
The Union Public Service Commission has been established under Article 315 of the Constitution of India. The Commission consists of a Chairman and nine Members.
The terms and conditions of service of Chairman and Members of the Commission are governed by the Union Public Service Commission (Members) Regulations, 1969.
The Commission is serviced by a Secretariat headed by a Secretary with two Additional Secretaries, a number of Joint Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries and other supporting staff.
The Union Public Service Commission have been entrusted with the following duties and role under the Constitution:
Recruitment to services & posts under the Union through conduct of competitive examinations;
Recruitment to services & posts under the Central Government by Selection through Interviews;
Advising on the suitability of officers for appointment on promotion as well as transfer-on-deputation;
Advising the Government on all matters relating to methods of Recruitment to various services and posts;
Disciplinary cases relating to different civil services; and
Miscellaneous matters relating to grant of extra ordinary pensions, reimbursement of legal expenses etc.
The major role played by the Commission is to select persons to man the various Central Civil Services and Posts and the Services common to the Union and States (viz. All-India Services).
RECRUITMENT TO VARIOUS SERVICES AND POSTS
To Duties & Role of the Commission
Under Article 320 of the Constitution of India, the Commission are, inter-alia, required to be consulted on all matters relating to recruitment to civil services and posts.
RECRUITMENT is made by one of the following three methods:
Direct Recruitment;
Promotion
Transfer
DIRECT RECRUITMENT is conducted broadly under the following two methods:
Recruitment by competitive examination.
Recruitment by selection through interview.
RECRUITMENT BY COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION
Under the Constitution one of the functions of the Commission is to conduct examinations for appointment to Civil Services/Posts of the Union. In addition, competitive examinations are also held by the Commission under arrangements with the Ministry of Defence for entry to certain Defence Services, through the National Defence Academy, Indian Military Academy, Naval Academy, Air Force Academy and the Officers Training Academy.
The Commission usually conducts over a dozen examinations every year on an all India basis. These include Examinations for recruitment to services/posts in various fields, such as Civil Services, Engineering, Medical and Forest Service, etc.
For an overview of examinations regularly held by the Commission. See "Overview of Examination" under this Chapter.
At present the Union Public Service Commission conduct their examinations at numerous venues spread over 42 regular centers throughout the country.
RECRUITMENT BY SELECTION
Recruitment by Selection is made by the following methods:
By Interview Only
By Recruitment Test Followed By Interview
BY INTERVIEW ONLY
Where the number of applicants is very large, it is not practicable to call for Interview all the applicants who fulfill the minimum eligibility conditions prescribed. The Commission, therefore, shortlist the candidates to be called for the interview on the basis of certain pre-determined criteria related to the job. A large number of recruitment cases is handled by the Commission by the method (1) above.
BY WRITTEN TEST FOLLOWED BY INTERVIEW
In this category, there are two types of procedure followed:
An objective-type written and/or practical test to test the skill of the candidates followed by Interview, the final selection being decided by Interview, aided by the performance of the candidates in the written test and/or practical test.
An objective-type written and/or practical test to screen candidates to be called for interview, the final selection being decided by Interview only.
Appointment By Promotion And Transfer On Deputation/Transfer
In accordance with the procedure decided by the Government, in consultation with the Commission, Chairman or a Member of the Commission presides over the Departmental Promotion Committee Meetings to consider promotions from Group B to Group A and from one grade to another within group A, where promotion is to be made by Selection.
Deputation
The Recruitment Rules for a number of posts provide for appointment by Transfer on Deputation (including short term contract) and Transfer. When the field of consideration consists of Central Government as well as State Government officers, prior consultation with the Commission is necessary for selection of an officer. When the file for consideration is made more broad-based and consists of not only Central/State Government officers but also officers from Non-Government Institutions, the selection has to be made in consultation with the Union Public Service Commission.
All India Services
The All India Services Act, 1951 and Rules and Regulations framed thereunder regulate the recruitment and conditions of service in respect of the All India Services viz. Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service and Indian Forest Service.
As far as direct recruitment to the Indian Administrative Service and Indian Police Service Examination are concerned, it is done through the Civil Services Examination and for the Indian Forest Service through the Indian Forest Service Examination held by the Commission.
The relevant Rules and Regulations provide that 33% of the vacancies in the IAS/IPS/IFS should be filled by promotion from amongst the officers of the State Service in consultation with the Commission. The Selection Committee presided over by Chairman/Member of the Commission consists of senior Government representatives of the Central Government and the State.
Mechanisation - Project Sampera
The Commission have recently undertaken a project called "SAMPERA" (Screening and Mechanised Processing of Examination and Recruitment Applications). A simplified single sheet common application form for all the examinations has been devised which will be scanned by using OMR/ICR technology. The implementation of this project will mainly help in high speed scanning of data from forms eliminating manual entry. Other benefits will be accurate and faster generation of Admit Cards, Attendance lists with photo replica and signature facsimile of each candidate, and Error-free list of doubtful cases. The main aim of this project is to cope with the increasing volume of applications through innovations and mechanised handling so as to reduce the processing time and send communications faster to minimised errors. The cases of impersonation/malpractices will also be eliminated and wasteful expenditure will be reduced.
RECRUITMENT RULES
In accordance with the provisions contained in Article 320 of the Constitution read with the provisions of Union Public Service Commission (Exemption from Consultation) Regulations 1958, Recruitment Rules of all Group 'A' and Group 'B" posts in various Ministries/Departments of Government of India are required to be framed in Consultation with the Commission. Consultation with the Commission is also necessary for framing/amending Recruitment Rules for certain categories of posts under the Employees State Insurance Corporation, The Delhi Municipal Corporation, The New Delhi Municipal Council, Employees Provident Fund Organisation etc. under the relevant Acts made by Parliament in pursuance of the provisions of Article 321.
All proposals for framing/amending Recruitment Rules are examined keeping in view the cadre structure of the organisation and the circulars issued by the Govt. from time to time. After approval, the Commissions' advice in the matter is communicated to the Ministry/Department concerned. More than 14000 Recruitment Rules have been framed/amended so far.
DISCIPLINARY MATTERS
To Duties & Role of the Commission
Under Article 320(3) of the Constitution the Commission are required to be consulted on the quantum of penalties in disciplinary cases affecting a person serving under the Government of India in a Civil Capacity.
EXTENSION OF FUNCTIONS TO LOCAL BODIES ETC
Article 321 also empowers the Parliament to extend the functions of the Public Service Commission to any local authority or other body corporate constituted by Law or by any public institutions.
EXEMPTIONS
In order to exempt some posts which for reasons of National Security or some other reasons may not be required to be referred to the Commission for their advice, the Union Public Service Commission (Exemption from Consultations) Regulations were issued on September 1, 1958, under Article 320(3)(a) and (b) of the Constitution. These Regulations are amended or revised as and when the need arises.
RECRUITMENT & CONDITIONS OF SERVICE ETC
The Provisions as contained in Article 309 & Article 311 of the Constitution are also required to be read in conjunction with the provisions as contained in Article 320 of the Constitution.
Binding nature of the advice of the Commission
A convention has been established by the Government of India, that in the following classes of the cases referred to the Commission, the recommendations made by them shall be accepted, save in exceptional circumstances. Quasi-judicial cases.
Selection for appointments of candidates. Appointment of a candidate on a higher initial pay than that of a minimum pay of the posts. Claims of expenditure incurred by the Government servants in defending legal proceedings instituted against him in respect of acts done or purporting to be done in the execution of his duty.
ANNUAL REPORTS
The Commission have a duty, under Article 323 of the Constitution to present annually to the President a Report as to the work done by the Commission and on receipt of such report, the president shall cause a copy there of together with the Memorandum explaining, as respect the cases, if any, where the advice of the Commission was not accepted, the reasons for such non-acceptance to be laid before each House of the Parliament. Back to General Information
Indianisation of the superior Civil Services became one of the major demands of the political movement compelling the British Indian Government to consider setting up of a Public Service Commission for recruitment to its services in the territory. The first Public Service Commission was set up on October 1st, 1926. However, its limited advisory functions failed to satisfy the people's aspirations and the continued stress on this aspect by the leaders of our freedom movement resulted in the setting up of the Federal Public Service Commission under the Government of India Act 1935. Under this Act, for the first time, provision was also made for the formation of Public Service Commissions at the provincial level.
The Constituent Assembly, after independence, saw the need for giving a secure and autonomous status to Public Service Commissions both at Federal and Provincial levels for ensuring unbiased recruitment to Civil Services as also for protection of service interests. With the promulgation of the new Constitution for independent India on 26th January, 1950, the Federal Public Service Commission was accorded a constitutional status as an autonomous entity and given the title - Union Public Service Commission Constitutional Provisions
The Union Public Service Commission has been established under Article 315 of the Constitution of India. The Commission consists of a Chairman and nine Members.
The terms and conditions of service of Chairman and Members of the Commission are governed by the Union Public Service Commission (Members) Regulations, 1969.
The Commission is serviced by a Secretariat headed by a Secretary with two Additional Secretaries, a number of Joint Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries and other supporting staff.
The Union Public Service Commission have been entrusted with the following duties and role under the Constitution:
Recruitment to services & posts under the Union through conduct of competitive examinations;
Recruitment to services & posts under the Central Government by Selection through Interviews;
Advising on the suitability of officers for appointment on promotion as well as transfer-on-deputation;
Advising the Government on all matters relating to methods of Recruitment to various services and posts;
Disciplinary cases relating to different civil services; and
Miscellaneous matters relating to grant of extra ordinary pensions, reimbursement of legal expenses etc.
The major role played by the Commission is to select persons to man the various Central Civil Services and Posts and the Services common to the Union and States (viz. All-India Services).
RECRUITMENT TO VARIOUS SERVICES AND POSTS
To Duties & Role of the Commission
Under Article 320 of the Constitution of India, the Commission are, inter-alia, required to be consulted on all matters relating to recruitment to civil services and posts.
RECRUITMENT is made by one of the following three methods:
Direct Recruitment;
Promotion
Transfer
DIRECT RECRUITMENT is conducted broadly under the following two methods:
Recruitment by competitive examination.
Recruitment by selection through interview.
RECRUITMENT BY COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION
Under the Constitution one of the functions of the Commission is to conduct examinations for appointment to Civil Services/Posts of the Union. In addition, competitive examinations are also held by the Commission under arrangements with the Ministry of Defence for entry to certain Defence Services, through the National Defence Academy, Indian Military Academy, Naval Academy, Air Force Academy and the Officers Training Academy.
The Commission usually conducts over a dozen examinations every year on an all India basis. These include Examinations for recruitment to services/posts in various fields, such as Civil Services, Engineering, Medical and Forest Service, etc.
For an overview of examinations regularly held by the Commission. See "Overview of Examination" under this Chapter.
At present the Union Public Service Commission conduct their examinations at numerous venues spread over 42 regular centers throughout the country.
RECRUITMENT BY SELECTION
Recruitment by Selection is made by the following methods:
By Interview Only
By Recruitment Test Followed By Interview
BY INTERVIEW ONLY
Where the number of applicants is very large, it is not practicable to call for Interview all the applicants who fulfill the minimum eligibility conditions prescribed. The Commission, therefore, shortlist the candidates to be called for the interview on the basis of certain pre-determined criteria related to the job. A large number of recruitment cases is handled by the Commission by the method (1) above.
BY WRITTEN TEST FOLLOWED BY INTERVIEW
In this category, there are two types of procedure followed:
An objective-type written and/or practical test to test the skill of the candidates followed by Interview, the final selection being decided by Interview, aided by the performance of the candidates in the written test and/or practical test.
An objective-type written and/or practical test to screen candidates to be called for interview, the final selection being decided by Interview only.
Appointment By Promotion And Transfer On Deputation/Transfer
In accordance with the procedure decided by the Government, in consultation with the Commission, Chairman or a Member of the Commission presides over the Departmental Promotion Committee Meetings to consider promotions from Group B to Group A and from one grade to another within group A, where promotion is to be made by Selection.
Deputation
The Recruitment Rules for a number of posts provide for appointment by Transfer on Deputation (including short term contract) and Transfer. When the field of consideration consists of Central Government as well as State Government officers, prior consultation with the Commission is necessary for selection of an officer. When the file for consideration is made more broad-based and consists of not only Central/State Government officers but also officers from Non-Government Institutions, the selection has to be made in consultation with the Union Public Service Commission.
All India Services
The All India Services Act, 1951 and Rules and Regulations framed thereunder regulate the recruitment and conditions of service in respect of the All India Services viz. Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service and Indian Forest Service.
As far as direct recruitment to the Indian Administrative Service and Indian Police Service Examination are concerned, it is done through the Civil Services Examination and for the Indian Forest Service through the Indian Forest Service Examination held by the Commission.
The relevant Rules and Regulations provide that 33% of the vacancies in the IAS/IPS/IFS should be filled by promotion from amongst the officers of the State Service in consultation with the Commission. The Selection Committee presided over by Chairman/Member of the Commission consists of senior Government representatives of the Central Government and the State.
Mechanisation - Project Sampera
The Commission have recently undertaken a project called "SAMPERA" (Screening and Mechanised Processing of Examination and Recruitment Applications). A simplified single sheet common application form for all the examinations has been devised which will be scanned by using OMR/ICR technology. The implementation of this project will mainly help in high speed scanning of data from forms eliminating manual entry. Other benefits will be accurate and faster generation of Admit Cards, Attendance lists with photo replica and signature facsimile of each candidate, and Error-free list of doubtful cases. The main aim of this project is to cope with the increasing volume of applications through innovations and mechanised handling so as to reduce the processing time and send communications faster to minimised errors. The cases of impersonation/malpractices will also be eliminated and wasteful expenditure will be reduced.
RECRUITMENT RULES
In accordance with the provisions contained in Article 320 of the Constitution read with the provisions of Union Public Service Commission (Exemption from Consultation) Regulations 1958, Recruitment Rules of all Group 'A' and Group 'B" posts in various Ministries/Departments of Government of India are required to be framed in Consultation with the Commission. Consultation with the Commission is also necessary for framing/amending Recruitment Rules for certain categories of posts under the Employees State Insurance Corporation, The Delhi Municipal Corporation, The New Delhi Municipal Council, Employees Provident Fund Organisation etc. under the relevant Acts made by Parliament in pursuance of the provisions of Article 321.
All proposals for framing/amending Recruitment Rules are examined keeping in view the cadre structure of the organisation and the circulars issued by the Govt. from time to time. After approval, the Commissions' advice in the matter is communicated to the Ministry/Department concerned. More than 14000 Recruitment Rules have been framed/amended so far.
DISCIPLINARY MATTERS
To Duties & Role of the Commission
Under Article 320(3) of the Constitution the Commission are required to be consulted on the quantum of penalties in disciplinary cases affecting a person serving under the Government of India in a Civil Capacity.
EXTENSION OF FUNCTIONS TO LOCAL BODIES ETC
Article 321 also empowers the Parliament to extend the functions of the Public Service Commission to any local authority or other body corporate constituted by Law or by any public institutions.
EXEMPTIONS
In order to exempt some posts which for reasons of National Security or some other reasons may not be required to be referred to the Commission for their advice, the Union Public Service Commission (Exemption from Consultations) Regulations were issued on September 1, 1958, under Article 320(3)(a) and (b) of the Constitution. These Regulations are amended or revised as and when the need arises.
RECRUITMENT & CONDITIONS OF SERVICE ETC
The Provisions as contained in Article 309 & Article 311 of the Constitution are also required to be read in conjunction with the provisions as contained in Article 320 of the Constitution.
Binding nature of the advice of the Commission
A convention has been established by the Government of India, that in the following classes of the cases referred to the Commission, the recommendations made by them shall be accepted, save in exceptional circumstances. Quasi-judicial cases.
Selection for appointments of candidates. Appointment of a candidate on a higher initial pay than that of a minimum pay of the posts. Claims of expenditure incurred by the Government servants in defending legal proceedings instituted against him in respect of acts done or purporting to be done in the execution of his duty.
ANNUAL REPORTS
The Commission have a duty, under Article 323 of the Constitution to present annually to the President a Report as to the work done by the Commission and on receipt of such report, the president shall cause a copy there of together with the Memorandum explaining, as respect the cases, if any, where the advice of the Commission was not accepted, the reasons for such non-acceptance to be laid before each House of the Parliament. Back to General Information
Is this the start of a human flu pandemic?
Although this influenza A (H1N1) virus can spread from person to person, and is causing outbreaks of flu in some countries, it is too early to say whether this particular virus will cause a global human pandemic. The World Health Organisation is closely monitoring the situation.
Click here for the latest information about influenza A (H1N1) from the World Health Organisation.
Click here for the latest information about influenza A (H1N1) from the World Health Organisation.
If someone develops flu symptoms, what should they do?
If you live in or have recently travelled to an area affected by by influenza A (H1N1), and are experiencing flu-like symptoms, you should stay at home to limit contact with others, and seek medical advice by telephoning immediately.
If the risk of catching influenza A (H1N1) increases in India, the Health Protection Agency will issue further advice. -->
If the risk of catching influenza A (H1N1) increases in India, the Health Protection Agency will issue further advice. -->
Is it safe to eat pork and other foods derived from pigs?
You cannot get influenza by eating properly handled and prepared pork or other foods derived from pigs (e.g. bacon, sausages). However, good food hygiene helps to prevent a wide range of infections, so it is important that all food is always prepared hygienically.
Never eat raw or poorly cooked meat.
Keep raw meat away from cooked and ready-to-eat foods.
Use a separate chopping board and knife to prepare raw meat.
Wash your hands immediately after handling raw meat.
Clean and disinfect surfaces and utensils immediately after contact with raw meat.
Never eat raw or poorly cooked meat.
Keep raw meat away from cooked and ready-to-eat foods.
Use a separate chopping board and knife to prepare raw meat.
Wash your hands immediately after handling raw meat.
Clean and disinfect surfaces and utensils immediately after contact with raw meat.
How can I remove flu viruses from surfaces?
An infected person could spread germs to surfaces around them when they cough or sneeze, or touch them with unwashed hands or used tissues. Cleaning surfaces regularly can help to stop influenza viruses and other germs spreading around your home, to you and other people.
Cleaning surfaces with detergent and water can remove germs from an item provided you scrub all the surfaces and rinse them thoroughly with clean water. However, where proper rinsing is not possible (e.g. large or fixed surfaces such as kitchen worktops, toilet flushes and door handles) it is important to use a disinfectant to help kill the germs. It is particularly important to clean and disinfect surfaces that people often touch with their hands, such as;
handles and switches
taps and toilet flush handles
kitchen worktops
telephone receivers
computer keyboards.
Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces using products that destroy influenza viruses will give extra reassurance.
Click here to find suitable disinfectants.
Click here if you have any questions about using Dettol products.
Cleaning surfaces with detergent and water can remove germs from an item provided you scrub all the surfaces and rinse them thoroughly with clean water. However, where proper rinsing is not possible (e.g. large or fixed surfaces such as kitchen worktops, toilet flushes and door handles) it is important to use a disinfectant to help kill the germs. It is particularly important to clean and disinfect surfaces that people often touch with their hands, such as;
handles and switches
taps and toilet flush handles
kitchen worktops
telephone receivers
computer keyboards.
Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces using products that destroy influenza viruses will give extra reassurance.
Click here to find suitable disinfectants.
Click here if you have any questions about using Dettol products.
How can washing my hands help to protect me?
Washing your hands frequently is the best way to protect yourself from a wide range of illnesses, including influenza. Everytime you touch something, germs can transfer to your hands. Touching your eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands could transfer the germs from your hands into your body. Washing your hands frequently, helps to remove the germs and stop them spreading to you and other people.
Click here for more information about how and when you should wash your hands.
Click here for more information about how and when you should wash your hands.
What precautions can I take to help protect myself and my family from H1N1?
Good hygiene can help to reduce the spread of a wide range of viruses, including influenza viruses. Global Hygiene Council advises everyone to follow these precautions at all times:
Frequently wash your hands with soap and water.
When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue if possible.
Dispose of used tissues promptly and carefully. Put them in a bag and then bin them.
Clean hard surfaces (e.g. door handles) frequently.
Ensure children follow this advice.
If you intend to travel to an affected country, you should check the advice provided by the Foreign Office. If the disease begins to affect more people in India, more information will be made available through leaflets, websites and the media. This will tell you how you can help protect yourself and your family and what to do if you think you are infected.
Click here for the latest advice from the Health Protection Agency.
-->
Frequently wash your hands with soap and water.
When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue if possible.
Dispose of used tissues promptly and carefully. Put them in a bag and then bin them.
Clean hard surfaces (e.g. door handles) frequently.
Ensure children follow this advice.
If you intend to travel to an affected country, you should check the advice provided by the Foreign Office. If the disease begins to affect more people in India, more information will be made available through leaflets, websites and the media. This will tell you how you can help protect yourself and your family and what to do if you think you are infected.
Click here for the latest advice from the Health Protection Agency.
-->
Is treatment available for H1N1?
Antiviral medicines, such as oseltamivir or zanamivir, are available from your GP. These may shorten the illness and reduce the risk of complications. These drugs may cause side-effects and are not suitable for everyone, so your GP will only prescribe them if the benefits outweigh the risks.
Is there a vaccine to protect people from influenza A (H1N1)?
There is no vaccine available to protect people from the influenza A (H1N1) virus currently causing illness in humans, and we don't yet know if the normal seasonal flu vaccine can provide any protection. It could take four to six months to develop an effective vaccine.
How does influenza A (H1N1) spread between people?
This new influenza virus is thought to spread in the same way as seasonal flu; in tiny droplets, expelled from the mouth and nose of an infected person when they talk, cough or sneeze. People may get infected if they breathe in these droplets or if they touch someone or something that is contaminated with the virus (e.g. a used tissue or door handle), and then touch their nose or eyes.
What are the symptoms of influenza A (H1N1) in humans?
When people are infected with swine flu viruses, their symptoms are usually similar to those of normal seasonal influenza. These include fever, tiredness, lack of appetite, coughing and a sore throat. Some people may also have vomiting and diarrhea. In Mexico, some people infected with influenza A (H1N1) have had severe illness and died. However, in almost all cases outside Mexico, including India, the symptoms of influenza A (H1N1) have been mild, and people have made a full recovery.
Which countries have human cases of influenza A (H1N1)?
During March/April 2009, Mexico reported an increase in the number of people with severe respiratory infections. Human infections with influenza A (H1N1) were then confirmed in Southern California and Texas. Since then, the World Health Organisation has confirmed human cases of influenza A (H1N1) in several countries around the world, including India.
Click here for the latest situation update from the World Health Organisation.
Click here for the latest situation update from the World Health Organisation.
Should I take any special precautions when handling pigs?
Although there is no indication that the current human infections are linked to cases of swine influenza in pigs in India. Pig keepers should look out for unusual signs of respiratory disease in their pigs and contact their veterinary surgeon if they are concerned or require any advice on protecting their pigs from swine flu.
Click here for the latest advice from DEFRA about swine influenza in pigs.
-->
Click here for the latest advice from DEFRA about swine influenza in pigs.
-->
Which countries have infected pigs?
Swine influenza is present in all pig-producing countries around the world, including India. Outbreaks in pigs occur throughout the year. However, many countries routinely vaccinate pigs against swine influenza.
What is swine influenza and influenza A (H1N1)?
Swine influenza is a contagious respiratory disease that normally only affects pigs. It is commonly caused by H1N1 strains of swine influenza A virus. However, other strains, such as H1N2, H3N1 and H3N2 also circulate in pigs. While it is not usual for people to get swine flu, human infections do occasionally happen, mainly after close contact with infected pigs.
During March/April 2009, a new strain of swine influenza virus emerged in Mexico, and started to cause illness in humans. The World Health Organisation says that this new strain of influenza, called influenza A (H1N1), can spread from person to person. Experts around the world are working closely with the World Health Organisation to help determine what risk this virus poses to the public. There is some concern that this new strain could cause a human flu pandemic (see Pandemic flu FAQs).
Click here for the latest situation update from the World Health Organisation.
How does swine flu spread amongst pigs?
Pigs can get swine flu if they inhale respiratory droplets expelled by an infected pig. They can also get infected through direct or indirect contact with an infected pig.
What symptoms do infected pigs show?
Signs of swine influenza in pigs can include dullness, fever, coughing and breathlessness. Some infected pigs (about 1 to 4 %) may die, but most pigs recover rapidly.
During March/April 2009, a new strain of swine influenza virus emerged in Mexico, and started to cause illness in humans. The World Health Organisation says that this new strain of influenza, called influenza A (H1N1), can spread from person to person. Experts around the world are working closely with the World Health Organisation to help determine what risk this virus poses to the public. There is some concern that this new strain could cause a human flu pandemic (see Pandemic flu FAQs).
Click here for the latest situation update from the World Health Organisation.
How does swine flu spread amongst pigs?
Pigs can get swine flu if they inhale respiratory droplets expelled by an infected pig. They can also get infected through direct or indirect contact with an infected pig.
What symptoms do infected pigs show?
Signs of swine influenza in pigs can include dullness, fever, coughing and breathlessness. Some infected pigs (about 1 to 4 %) may die, but most pigs recover rapidly.
Sunday, August 16, 2009
Sathyabama University
Offers under-graduate and post-graduate engineering programs. Information about administration, placements, image gallery, departments, ...Admission - M. Tech - Direct S.E - FYB Tech. Admission 2009-2010
Classification of INFLUENZA
Of the three genera of influenza viruses that cause human flu, two also cause influenza in pigs, with influenza A being common in pigs and influenza C being rare.[3] Influenza B has not been reported in pigs. Within influenza A and influenza C, the strains found in pigs and humans are largely distinct, although due to reassortment there have been transfers of genes among strains crossing swine, avian, and human species boundaries.
Saturday, August 15, 2009
Swine Flu Vaccine Trials
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health, will soon start swine flu clinical trials to make sure the new swine flu vaccines are safe and effective. They are to be conducted at eight university research hospitals and medical organizations across the United States, including Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Children's Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, and Emory University in Atlanta.
Swine Flu Vaccine
It is estimated that the swine flu vaccine won't be ready until sometime around September to November 2009. In addition to the time required to actually make a new vaccine, the likely need to make seasonal flu vaccine for next year may delay things a little.
Swine Flu Vaccine - H1N1 Vaccine
Experts are already working on a swine flu vaccine though. The CDC has already provided a candidate vaccine virus to several laboratories and manufacturers so that they can produce pilot lots of swine flu vaccines that can be tested to make sure they are safe and effective.
Friday, August 14, 2009
Ensuring the safety of pandemic vaccines
August 2009 -- WHO is aware of some media reports that have expressed concern about the safety of vaccines for pandemic influenza. The public needs to be reassured that regulatory procedures in place for the licensing of pandemic vaccines.
Thursday, August 13, 2009
Transmission of INFLUENZA
Seasonal influenza spreads easily and can sweep through schools, nursing homes or businesses and towns. When an infected person coughs, infected droplets get into the air and another person can breath them in and be exposed.
Signs and symptoms of INFLUENZA
Seasonal influenza is characterized by a sudden onset of high fever, cough (usually dry), headache, muscle and joint pain, severe malaise (feeling unwell), sore throat and runny nose. Most people recover from fever and other symptoms within a week without requiring medical attention.
Influenza
Influenza is a viral infection that affects The virus is transmitted easily from person to person via droplets and small particles produced when infected people cough or sneeze. Influenza tends to spread rapidly in seasonal epidemics.mainly the nose, throat, bronchi and, occasionally, lungs.
Wednesday, August 12, 2009
Introduction to links and anchors
The Future of Scientific Publishing
The possible aids include virtual journals, the new APS journal Physics, and the possibility of artificial intelligence programs.
Visit the site : The Future of Scientific Publishing
Visit the site : The Future of Scientific Publishing
Monday, August 10, 2009
Job vacancies in Omaninfo
Job vacancies in OmaninfoCandidates and employers can post/search the Jobs
Jobs in any Gulf Countries: New Find Jobs in UAE, Oman, Saudi, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar & other gulf countries
Jobs in any Gulf Countries: New Find Jobs in UAE, Oman, Saudi, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar & other gulf countries
Sunday, August 9, 2009
WORK IN DUBAI NOW!!! (URGENTLY NEEDED)
Advertisement ID
:
1506005
Category
:
International
Ads Classification
:
Available Jobs
Type: Full-time Permanent
Job Title : WORK IN DUBAI NOW!!! (URGENTLY
Salary : 8-10k
Education: College Graduate
Date Posted : July 20, 2009
Short URL:http://sulit.com.ph/1506005
:
1506005
Category
:
International
Ads Classification
:
Available Jobs
Type: Full-time Permanent
Job Title : WORK IN DUBAI NOW!!! (URGENTLY
Salary : 8-10k
Education: College Graduate
Date Posted : July 20, 2009
Short URL:http://sulit.com.ph/1506005
Job vacancies in dubai
Advertisement ID : 1467988
Category : Other Business Opportunities
Location : Davao City, Davao del Sur
Ads Classification : Wanted Looking For! Date Updated : July 13, 2009 (posted July 3, 2009) Short URL : http://sulit.com.ph/1467988 Read more: http://www.sulit.com.ph/index.php/view+classifieds/id/1467988/urgent+vacancies+in+dubai,+please+contact+emailad+:+liza.barsanalina@gmail.com?referralKeywords=job+vacancies+in+dubai#ixzz0NgSkbxDoRead more: http://www.sulit.com.ph/index.php/view+classifieds/id/1467988/urgent+vacancies+in+dubai,+please+contact+emailad+:+liza.barsanalina@gmail.com?referralKeywords=job+vacancies+in+dubai#ixzz0NgSkbxDo
Category : Other Business Opportunities
Location : Davao City, Davao del Sur
Ads Classification : Wanted Looking For! Date Updated : July 13, 2009 (posted July 3, 2009) Short URL : http://sulit.com.ph/1467988 Read more: http://www.sulit.com.ph/index.php/view+classifieds/id/1467988/urgent+vacancies+in+dubai,+please+contact+emailad+:+liza.barsanalina@gmail.com?referralKeywords=job+vacancies+in+dubai#ixzz0NgSkbxDoRead more: http://www.sulit.com.ph/index.php/view+classifieds/id/1467988/urgent+vacancies+in+dubai,+please+contact+emailad+:+liza.barsanalina@gmail.com?referralKeywords=job+vacancies+in+dubai#ixzz0NgSkbxDo
What is Recruitment?
Recruitment is a process of attracting applicants for a job. The process begins when applications are brought in and ends when the same is finished.
Saturday, August 8, 2009
GATE 2009 Eligibility
1.Bachelor's degree holders in Engineering/Technology/Architecture/Pharmacy and those who are in the final or pre-final year of such programmed.
2. Master's degree holders in any branch of Science/Mathematics/ Statistics/ Computer Applications or equivalent and those who are in the final or pre-final year of such programmed.
3. Candidates in the second or higher year of the Four-year Integrated Master's degree programme (Post-B.Sc.)in Engineering/Technology and Dual Degree programmed in Engineering/Technology.
4.Candidates with qualifications obtained through examinations conducted by professional societies recognized by UPSC as equivalent to B.E./B.Tech. Those who have completed section A or equivalent of such professional courses are also eligible.
2. Master's degree holders in any branch of Science/Mathematics/ Statistics/ Computer Applications or equivalent and those who are in the final or pre-final year of such programmed.
3. Candidates in the second or higher year of the Four-year Integrated Master's degree programme (Post-B.Sc.)in Engineering/Technology and Dual Degree programmed in Engineering/Technology.
4.Candidates with qualifications obtained through examinations conducted by professional societies recognized by UPSC as equivalent to B.E./B.Tech. Those who have completed section A or equivalent of such professional courses are also eligible.
Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering GATE 2009
GATE qualified candidates with Bachelor degree in Engineering/ Technology/Architecture/ Pharmacy or Master degree in any branch of Science/Mathematics /Statistics /Computer Applications are eligible for Master/Doctoral programmed in Engineering/Technology/Architecture/Pharmacy as well as for Doctoral programmed in relevant branches of Science.To avail the scholarship, the candidate must additionally secure admission to such a post graduate programmed, as per the prevailing procedure of the admitting institution. GATE qualification, how ever, is not required for candidates with Master degree in Engineering/ Technology/ Architecture/Pharmacy who may be seeking scholarship/assistant ship for relevant doctoral programmed.
Frequently Asked GATE Questions
- What scores are required to qualify for GATE?
Ans) The qualifying score on the comparable test of mental reasoning is a minimum of the 96th percentile on the Total Score and 96th percentile on either the Verbal or the Nonverbal subtest scores. If test results from outside the district are submitted, all standard subtest scores must be included in the report.
Friday, August 7, 2009
Thursday, August 6, 2009
How to study a very difficult subject?
Suppose you are a student in professional school like Polytechnic ,Engineering college or Medical college or any discipline- It is very easy to study.The only thing what you have to do is that
- First you close the book.
- Then go out and have a cup of tea and return back within 10-15 minutes.
- Then take some bakery items in a saucer and eat and study very slowly.
- Then you feel some easiness in study.
- Take time to study.
When you obey the above rules,it is very easy to cope up with difficult situation.
Monday, August 3, 2009
How to teach good habit for a child between 8 - 14 year old ?
- This period is very very critical considering the life of person.
- Try to teach them in Government school.
- Try to understand the problems of poor children like them.
- Try to feed them the problems that faced to you.
- Understand them the need of hardworking.
- Try them to travel to school by bus.
- Always learn them to walk to places that need only walkable distances.
- Try to plug land near to you.
- Try to learn them the seriousness of respect that must be given to elders.
- Warn children when they eat infront of other children when they are playing or engaged in other activities.
How to handle a suicide situation ?
A person will go to suicide in different cases.If anyone reach the position of suicide that person is supposed to do the ways that I have given below
- Firstly he/she analyse the matter thorougly.
- Second whatever be the matter suicide is not the remedy.
- Eventhough the matter is that much worse ,no problem ,we have to face it boldly.
- At that time we don't bother about the wife,father,mother,neighbour or any body.
- Think about the situation and try how to recover from it.
- Keep silence and think surely everything will come back sure.
- The suicide feel will come only for a moment.After that we will feel ashame of that, once we recover from the situation.
Failure of a Life
My Friends,
The life seems to fail in different ways.Most of the failure happens after the marriage of people.So we have to take proper decision in our life before we enter into such problems.I have explained what are the necessary steps to take before the failure occurs.It is nice to say infront of all that "If one is going to fail in their life,he/she themselves know that they are going to fail and that person can get rid of from such situation if they can control their mind in that particular moment.From there onwards the life of that person is in success and he/she try - never to fall in such situation in future"
The life seems to fail in different ways.Most of the failure happens after the marriage of people.So we have to take proper decision in our life before we enter into such problems.I have explained what are the necessary steps to take before the failure occurs.It is nice to say infront of all that "If one is going to fail in their life,he/she themselves know that they are going to fail and that person can get rid of from such situation if they can control their mind in that particular moment.From there onwards the life of that person is in success and he/she try - never to fall in such situation in future"
Introduction to a Successful Life
Everyone beleived that a success of a life is when he/she acheives a degree or a rank.But this is actually wrong.Education is not a part of successful person.But a success of life is a mixture of
- 15% - love
- 15% - mind power
- 10% - Intelligence
- 10% - Competitive
- 10% - Education
- 40% - Hardworking
When all the above 6 qualities are statisfied by an individual , no way,it is sure he is said to success,no doubt.So my readers please try to do this.
Monday, July 13, 2009
MySQL
- MySQL is a database server
MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications
MySQL supports standard SQL
MySQL compiles on a number of platforms
MySQL is free to download and use
PHP File
- PHP files can contain text, HTML tags and scripts
PHP files are returned to the browser as plain HTML
PHP files have a file extension of ".php", ".php3", or ".phtml"
PHP Introduction
- PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
PHP is a server-side scripting language, like ASP
PHP scripts are executed on the server
PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC, etc.)
PHP is an open source software
PHP is free to download and use
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